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NERC - Considerations for Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination The record of generator trips (290 units, about 52,745 MW) during the North American disturbance on August 14, 2003, included 13 types of generation-related protection functions that operated to initiate generator tripping. The NERC Blackout Recommendation Review Task Force (BRRTF) noted, in particular, that overexcitation, undervoltage, loss of excitation, inadvertent energization, overcurrent, and voltagerestrained overcurrent protective functions are sensitive to abnormal voltage and frequency that may be experienced by a cohesive generator group during large power flows. The BRRTF Recommendation TR-22 stated: “NERC should evaluate these protection schemes and their settings for appropriateness including coordination of protection and controls when operating within a coherent generation area (but weakly connected to an interconnection) or within an electrical island. Generators directly connected to the transmission system using a 51V should consider the use of an impedance relay instead.” Download NERC Considerations for Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination Technical Reference Document – Revision 2  This report addresses BRRTF recommendation TR-22 by providing guidance for coordinating power plant protection with transmission protection, control systems, and system conditions to minimize unnecessary trips of generation during system disturbances. To provide complete coverage, the report goes beyond the six protective functions referenced in recommendation TR-22 and addresses all protection functions that operated on August 14, 2003. Although information is unavailable that directly addresses which of those generator trips were appropriate for the prevailing bulk power system (BPS) conditions, some of the operations that occurred in the earlier stages contributed to the overall event. The list of protection functions that tripped were: mho-distance (21), voltage-controlled and voltage-restrained overcurrent (51V), volts per hertz (24), undervoltage (27), overvoltage (59), reverse power (32), loss of field (40), negative sequence (46), breaker failure (50BF), inadvertent energizing (50/27), out of step (78), over/underfrequency (81), transformer differential (87T), and a significant number of unknown trips. The number of each type of protective function that tripped generator units during the disturbance is shown in Table 1. This technical reference document concentrates on BPS reliability and resulting performance implications of protection system coordination with power plant protection functions. |