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EE - Largest Pumped Storage Power Plants Pumped storage hydropower (PSH) is a type of hydroelectric energy storage. It is a configuration of two water reservoirs at different elevations that can generate power as water moves down from one to the other (discharge), passing through a turbine. The system also requires power as it pumps water back into the upper reservoir (recharge). PSH acts similarly to a giant battery, because it can store power and then release it when needed. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the upper reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine, generating electricity. Reversible turbine/generator assemblies act as a combined pump and turbine generator unit (usually a Francis turbine design). Taking into account evaporation losses from the exposed water surface and conversion losses, energy recovery of 70–80% or more can be achieved. This technique is currently the most cost-effective means of storing large amounts of electrical energy, but capital costs and the presence of appropriate geography are critical decision factors in selecting pumped-storage plant sites. The first use of pumped storage was in 1907 in Switzerland, at the Engeweiher pumped storage facility near Schaffhausen, Switzerland. In the 1930s reversible hydroelectric turbines became available. These turbines could operate as both turbine-generators and in reverse as electric motor driven pumps. The latest in large-scale engineering technology are variable speed machines for greater efficiency. These machines operate in synchronization with the network frequency when generating, but operate asynchronously (independent of the network frequency) when pumping. The ten largest operational pumped-storage plants are listed below: 1. Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station, China: 3600 MW 2. Bath County Pumped Station, USA : 3003 MW 3. Huizhou Pumped Storage Power Station, China : 2448 MW 4. Guangdong Pumped Storage Power Station, China : 2400 MW 5. Changlongshan Pumped Storage Power Station, China : 2100 MW 6. Okutataragi Pumped Storage Power Station, Japan : 1932 MW 7. Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant, USA : 1872 MW 8. Tianhuangping Pumped Storage Power Station, China : 1836 MW 9. Tumut-3, Australia : 1800 MW 10. Grand`Maison Dam, France : 1800 MW Under construction: Kannagawa Hydropower Plant, Japan : 2820 MW Anhua Pumped Storage Power Station, China : 2400 MW Jiande Pumped Storage Power Station, China : 2400 MW Snowy 2.0 Pumped Storage Power Station, Australia : 2000 MW Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station, China: 3600MW Bath County Pumped Station, USA : 3003 MW Changlongshan Pumped Storage Power Station, China : 2100 MW Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant, USA : 1872 MW Snowy 2.0 Pumped Storage Power Station, Australia : 2000 MW (Under construction) |